Richard Nixon - United Nations General Assembly Address 1969 free essay sample

Enlightment of Education in Pygmalion and Educating Rita Essays

Enlightment of Education in Pygmalion and Educating Rita Essays Enlightment of Education in Pygmalion and Educating Rita Essay Enlightment of Education in Pygmalion and Educating Rita Essay great art has to be educational. | |Pygmalion gave Shaw a platform for many of his concerns. He was passionately interested| | |in the English language and the varieties of ways in which people spoke (and misspoke) | | |it. Shaw longed to simplify and reform English; he once pointed out that the rules of | | |spelling in English are so inconsistent and confusing that the word fish could | | |conceivably be spelled â€Å"ghoti† if the speller used the sound of gh in enough, the sound| | |of o in women, and the sound of ti in the suffix –tion.The text of Pygmalion reflects | | |some of his efforts at simplifying English usage – principally his omission of | | |apostrophes in contractions such as Ive and dont. Pygmalion also allowed Shaw to | | |present ideas about other topics that concerned him - such matters as social equality, | | |male and female roles, and the relationship between what people seem to be and what | | |they really are. Like his other successfu l plays, Pygmalion wins us over with its charm| | |and then startles us out of our preconceptions with its keen intelligence. | | | | |   | | |Conclusion | | |   | | |In this work I tried to make a scientific analysis of Bernard Shaw’s life, literary | | |activity and his contribution to the treasure of world literature and one of his famous| | |works Pygmalion. Shaw was a prolific writer. He was a playwright, a novelist, a critic | | |and a publicist. He made success in the field of realistic drama.He criticized | | |bourgeois moral, robbery, appropriation of the fruits of other common people’s labour, | | |showed injustice of the society. | | |In Pygmalion Shaw masterfully connected two themes equally exciting for him: the | | |problem of social inequality and the problem of the classical English language. Act by | | |act, word by word we understand that the set of behaviour, that is the form and the | | |speech maintenance, manner of judgment and thoughts, habit ual acts and typical | | |reactions of people are adapted for the conditions of their environment.The subjective| | |being and the objective world correspond each other and mutually penetrate into each | | |other. | | |Pygmalion is one of Shaw’s chef-doeuvre and reveals the mastership of the playwright. | | |It was written when the author reached the peak of his creative activity. In this work | | |Shaw touched upon social and economic problems of the British people in the beginning | | |of the industrial 20th  century.Shaw wants to say in this work that education and | | |proper upbringing of people may lead the world to harmony in spiritual and material | | |lives of human beings. That is why one of the main heroes of the work Higgins, the | | |professor of phonetics, says, â€Å"The great secret is not having bad manners or good | | |manners or any other particular sort of manners, but having the same manner for all | | |human souls: in short, behaving as if you were in Heaven, where there are no | | |third-class carriages, and one soul is as good as another. | Plot Summary for Educating Rita  (1983)  More at  IMDbPro  Ã‚ » ad feedback A young wife decides to complete her education and take her exams. She meets a professor who teaches her to value her own insights while still being able to beat the exams. The change in her status causes friction between her and her husband. Written byJohn Vogel Bored with teaching undergraduates English literature, Frank Bryant morosely reflects through a whisky glass on his failed marriage and his attempt at becoming a poet. His world is turned upside down by the arrival of Rita, a hairdresser who has decided to find herself by taking an Open University course.Excited by her freewheeling and acute observations, and lets be honest by Rita herself, Frank also feels a deep sadness as he watches her warm impulsive reactions being replaced by the sort of cold analytical approach he so much loathes in other s tudents and colleagues. Written by  Jeremy Perkins {J-26} Rita crashes into Dr. Frank Bryants life wanting an education, although she has no idea what it is that shes asking. Her brash sincerity earns the respect of the doctor who has previously resigned himself to a life of empty lectures and booze. Ritas character is a breath of fresh air for Bryant and he begins to care about someone, or something for that matter, for the first time since his wife left him. As each begins to wake up to life in their own way, the story comes to a close as an inspiring tale of self discovery and of the power choice that comes through education. Written by  Kristoff

Lewis and Clark's Expedition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lewis and Clark's Expedition - Essay Example Lewis, Clark and the rest of their crew recorded journals of their findings; in addition to setting up trade and diplomatic relations with the Indians they encountered (Bergon 1). Additionally, they were able to describe the landscape’s architecture as well as the new creatures they encountered. William Clark also drafted a series of remarkably useful maps named rivers, creeks as well as other useful spots for future expeditions. Subsequent explorers largely relied on these maps (Ambrose 511). Additionally, the expedition is reputed as having shaped a crude route to the Pacific waters and hence marked the initial pathway for new nation to extend westwards from ocean to ocean (Allen 366). Sanctioning the exhibition has extensively shaped the way Jefferson is viewed. He not harbored expansionist policies but was also a calculating leader bent on understanding new area before fully venturing. Further, it would not be far-fetched to argue that Jefferson was keen on opening up new trade routes that would be beneficial to the

Tesco - Warren Buffet Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tesco - Warren Buffet - Lab Report Example In an organization the culture plays a vital role and henceforth the report also aims to discuss about the organizational culture that exists in Tesco. Tesco is known for its variety of culture that it holds with it and is one of the best examples to talk about when it comes to organizational culture. Along with organizational culture the report talk about motivation and the types of motivational theory that is adopted by organization to motivate its employees. Motivation is high crucial and Tesco has been a leader in doing that. It motivates its employees to a very high extend which helps it to retain the employees for a long period of time. 1.0 Findings 2.1 Entrepreneur and Skills The term entrepreneur is derived from French word, â€Å"entreprendre† which means â€Å"to undertake.† The entrepreneur is one who undertakes to manage, organize as well as assume the risk of the business. In recent past the entrepreneurs have been doing more than the above mentioned task a nd hence the need to broaden the definition. In today’s world, the entrepreneur is an innovator, developer who seems to recognize and seize the opportunities and convert into workable or marketable ideas. They add value through their effort, time, money and skills and assume the risk of the competitors and implement the ideas and thereby realize the reward from the given efforts Kuratko & Hodgetts (2008:4). A generally accepted definition of entrepreneurship which was provided by Shane & Vnkataraman (1997) states, â€Å"A process that involves the discovery, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities to introduce new products, services, processes, ways or organizing, or markets† Baum, Frese & Baron (2007:6) Profile about Warren Buffett Business man and investor Warren Buffett was born on 30 August, 1930 in Nebraska. He is an American business investor, philanthropist and magnate and is considered to be the most successful business man in the 20 century. Buffett is t he chairman, CEO and the primary shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway and has been consistently ranked as the wealthiest people in the world. In the year 2012, Time magazine had ranked Buffett to be the most influential person globally (Forbes 2013). Warren Buffett is an entrepreneur by occupation also known as â€Å"Oracle of Omaha† and regarded as investment guru (Bio 2013). Warren possessed the skill of investing money at the right place and at the right time. It is very much important for an entrepreneur to analyse the situations carefully and invest. Warren had invested in Tesco and has given a boost to the embattled chief executive of Tesco, Phil Clarke and thus increased his stake in the supermarket chain (Fletcher 2012). When the share price of Tesco fell in 2012, nearly after 20 years, Berkshire Hathaway took advantage of this and thus increased its stake to 5.08% (Fernon 2012). 2.2 Marketing and Marketing Mix Marketing can be defined as the process which is involved i n communicating the value of the product or services to the customers. Marketing encompasses integrating, merging and controlling supervision of organisations effort which have a bearing on sales (Reid & Bojanic 2009:8). Marketing mix constituted of 4Ps which are product, place, price and promotion and plays a vital role in setting up strategy for the organisation and is a key tool in marketing. Following is the marketing mix of Tesco, retailers which deals in grocery product and

Bill of Rights Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bill of Rights - Term Paper Example 2. Briefly show the difference between specific right and general rights 3. Have your rights ever been violated? Respondent 2 (Gregory): It is obvious that citizens are certainly aware of their rights. Individual rights are rights which the government cannot interfere. Citizens should know both their specific and general rights since they must be entitled to them. Take for instance the belief in a specific right which initiated a convicted felon, Clarence Gideon, to contest his conviction. The United States Supreme court utilized this appeal as a means in determining an indigent defendant’s right to an attorney at trials related to felony (Dayes, 1999). Moreover, a general right can have applications far over the case in which it was first determined. The right to privacy, for instance, has played a part in numerous cases relating with police procedures for carrying out seizures or what can be termed as searches. Another general right is the right to be treated justly. Needles s to say, citizens of America are extremely aware of their due process rights because so many rights can be linked to the legalities by which the government can take away life, property, and liberty. 4. ... Amendment 3 (quartering soldiers) The government cannot make people allow soldiers stay in their homes. Amendment 4 (security from unreasonable searches and seizures) It states that the police cannot search a person without a good reason to believe the person has done something wrong. They cannot search a person’s house without a good reason to believe the person has done something wrong, or arrest a person without a good reason to believe the person has done something wrong. Moreover, they cannot take a person’s things without a good reason to believe the person has done something wrong. It states that the police must have a search warrant that specifies the names of the area to be investigated, the person to be arrested, and the items to be confiscated. Amendment 5 (rights to due process of law) The federal government cannot try a person more than once for the same heinous crime, make a person testify against himself or herself, take away a person’s life, freed om, or possessions without valid reasons and fair procedures, or take away a person’s property unless the person can be fairly paid for his or her property. Amendment 6 (right to a free trial) People charged with a crime have the right to a hurried and free trial, a jury trial in a criminal case, be told what he or she can be accused, appear before the people who say he or she did wrong, call witnesses to testify on their behalf, have an attorney. Amendment 7 (trial by jury) People have the right to a jury trial in civil matters, in the case of disagreements between individuals. Amendment 8 (fair bail and punishments) A person charged with a crime has a right to a fair fine; there cannot be any cruel and unusual

Teaching Strategies to Improve NCLEX Passing Rate

Teaching Strategies to Improve NCLEX Passing Rate Yamilka Pichardo Abstract The 5 articles reports different teaching and learning strategies used in nursing students  and their evaluation. The strategies described here are based on Humanistic theory, and the author of the five of them uses Abraham Maslow humanist theorist as a reference. Key Words Nclex, Teaching Strategies, Success. Introduction Humanistic Theory as applied to learning is largely constructivist and emphasizes cognitive and affective process. It address people‘s capabilities and potentialities as they make certain choice and seek control over their lives. (schunk et al.,2008) Maslow’s theory emphasizes motivation to develop one‘s full potential, he also believe that human actions are unified by being directed toward goal attainment. His Hierarchy of needs can help teachers understand students and create an environment to enhance learning. It’s unrealistic to expect students to show interest in classroom activities if they have physiological or safety deficiencies. (Maslow 1968, 1970) Literature Review Title: Teaching around the cycle: strategies for teaching theory to undergraduate nursing students. Author: Nancy A. Flanagan and Linda McCausland The Idea of this article is to incorporate a variety of teaching techniques, with this pedagogy students are encourage to recognize and cope with numerous ways of acquiring information. A teaching technique applied to teaching nursing theory in an undergraduate nursing program is presented. This technique acknowledges a variety of learning styles to facilitate student learning. Activities highlight the importance of acquiring a variety of knowledge acquisition and information-processing skills required in a profession. Students use critical thinking, communication, group process, and research analysis skills to learn and apply information about theory. Method: The methods and activities have been developed over four years and implemented in small classes of eight students and in classes as large as 140 students with equal success. Understanding nursing theory requires critical and complex thought process, the more advanced theory knowledge and cognitive skills of application analysis, synthesis and evaluation are facilitated through active collaborative strategies featuring faculty and student interaction. A nurse theorist outline developed by the instructor serves as study guide and assist student with subsequent class activities. THE THEORY GAME 🙠 Board game/ Case studies) Gaming is a technique that requires active learning and collaborative cooperative learning strategies with a group. The game is design to increase student familiarity with new abstract theoretical content and reinforces student knowledge. Evaluation: The journal article evaluation and case study / care plan activities were added to the curriculum, since then summative evaluation, measured by quiz grades has improve, these finding are consistent with educational theory on active learning strategies that incorporate group collaboration through gaming analysis and case study. (Nancy A. Flanagan and Linda McCausland, Nov/ Dec 2007) Title: Learning Nursing Concepts through Television Programs Author: Raines, Deborah A The Idea: These activities are designed to engage students and to facilitate their developing understanding of nursing concepts and behaviors. The following are just a few examples of how television programs can be used to teach nursing concept and behavior in an Introduction to nursing course early in the curriculum. Engaging students while developing an understanding of nursing concept is a challenge to nurse educators. In nursing education, one of the primary pedagogical goals is to ensure students develop a set of analytical and critical thinking skills to be safe and efficient nurses in the practice setting. Instructors and textbooks try to structure case studies for teaching, but these activities can be sterile and lack the richness and the uniqueness of getting to know others in a nursing situation. Audiovisual images, such as television programs, compress complex stories into rich, visually intense images and bring situations to life in a more powerful way than the traditional lecture approach does. Method: Students are asked to find clips of the four main characters from Seinfeld (Seinfeld, Mehlmanard, Gross, Greenburg, 1989) to demonstrate the principles of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Students assess and analyze each characters behavior in relationship to Maslows levels. Through the years, programs have been based on the concept of family. Segments can be shown as a montage of programs clips to reveal the changing meaning of family, differing family types and structures over time, or to compare and contrast the variety of ways families cope with a particular situation. Soap operas such as General Hospital (Hursley Hursley, 1963) and All My Children (Nixon, 1970) have many scenes involving nurses in hospitals Segments from these programs showing nurses in action can illustrate teachable moments on a variety of topics including professional appearance and comportment, interdisciplinary collaboration and communication, the role of the nurse, and nurse-patient interaction, as well as the concept of professional boundaries. Evaluation: Student response has been overwhelmingly positive. The activity generates significant discussion, and even a little laughter, among class members. The use of familiar television programs situations and characters to introduce beginning nursing students to new concept associated with the study of nursing provides a way for them to begin to build a knowledge base and to see the dynamic nature of nursing concept as applied to a variety of situations (Raines, Deborah A Mar 2010): 173-4. Title: How Can I Fail the NCLEX-RN ® With a 3.5 GPA? Approaches to Help This Unexpected High-Risk Group. Author: Rollant, Paulette Desmaske Idea: This article describes two self-report inventories useful for tracking and predicting risk for failure or success on tests and the NCLEX-RN Most of these studies focus on objective data, such as preadmissions standards, progression examinations, overall grade point average, course grades, and comprehensive examinations. Significant correlations were found between success on the NCLEX-RN and five factors: cumulative nursing program grade point average, English as the primary language spoken at home, lack of family responsibilities or demands, lack of emotional distress, and sense of competency in critical thinking. The journal provides information on predictors and tools to identify students who are at risk for failure on the NCLEX-RN. It also indicates the importance of other factors such as fatigue and anxiety on passing the NCLEX-RN. Method: The Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) a self-report scale, measures individual differences in test anxiety as a situation-specific trait. This one-page test contains 20 items that asks respondents to indicate how frequently they experience specific symptoms of anxiety before, during, and after examinations. The subscales also assess worry and emotionality as major components of test anxiety (Spielberger et al., 1990). The Learning Assessment Study Skills Inventory (LASSI) is an 80item assessment of students awareness about and their use of learning and study strategies. The results are related to the skill, will, and self-regulation components of strategic learning. This valid and reliable assessment inventory contains 10 scales: stress, attitude, motivation, concentration, self testing, time management, test-taking skills, anxiety, information processing, and study aids. Evaluation: All of these methods are taken from the 5 Cs for Test Success model (Rollant, 2006). The final action is to help students identify tools to use when they do not know. Using these strategies, educators can open the pathway to success for students at potential risk for test failure. (Rollant, Paulette Desmaske) Title: Teaching Critical Thinking in an introductory leadership course utilizing active learning strategies: A confirmatory Author: Burbach, Mark E, Matkin, Gina, Susan M Idea: Critical Thinking is often seen as a universal goal of higher education but is seldom confirmed as an outcome. This study was conducted to determine whether an introductory level college leadership course encouraged active learning increased critical thinking skills. (Journal writing, service learning, small groups, scenarios, case study, and questioning). Method: A pre- and post-assessment of critical thinking skills was conducted using the Watson-Glaser Appraisal. An integrative studies course is intended to engage students in actively developing their ability and desire to analyze, evaluate, and communicate complex material and positions. One objective of the studies is to enhance critical thinking through a variety of approaches in which students investigate arguments, engage in research, gather data, perform qualitative and quantitative analysis, and assess conclusions. The underlying philosophy of this article is that improvements in interpersonal skills for leadership are an interactive function of increased self awareness, increased understanding of others, and learning from life experiences. To engage students in critical thinking, active learning methods (e.g. Meyers Jones, 1993) are emphasized in this class. For example, a service-learning project is required. Students are encouraged to work in an area that is outside of their previous range of experiences. An attempt is made to expose them to new perspectives and/or different cultural experiences. The project comprises a large portion of the each students final grade. Instructor-mediated reaction journals to complement classroom activities and the service-learning project are also required. Classroom activities include small group projects involving contextual scenarios, case studies, role-plays, and student presentations. Socratic questioning between instructors and students is strongly encouraged. Reflective journal writing can improve critical thinking as well as growth in self-awareness and self-actualization (Maslow, 1979) and the development of new knowledge (Boyd Fales, 1983), also can increase student learning and promote meaningful personal insights more than lecture and reading assignments (ConnorGreene, 2000; Mayo, 2003a, 2003b; Seshachari, 1994). Journal writing helps students to document observations, question, speculate, develop self-awareness, synthesize ideas, and gain insights for problem-solving (de Acosta, 1995). Evidence derived from case studies suggests that the development of critical thinking is likely to be linked to an emphasis on writing and rewriting (Tsui, 2002). Evaluation: As a result significant increases were found in the Deduction and Interpretation subtests, and total critical thinking. Student engagement in active learning techniques within the context of studying interpersonal skills for leadership appeared to increase critical thinking. Although it was not possible to determine which of the active learning strategies had the greatest impact on improving students critical think skills (journal writing, service learning, small groups, scenarios, case study, and questioning). (Burbach, Mark E; Matkin, Gina S; Fritz, Susan M) Title: Rx for NCLEX-RN Success: Reflections on Development of an Effective Preparation Process for Senior Baccalaureate Students Author: March, Karen S; Ambrose, Janice M Idea: This article highlights the process employed to support and facilitate student preparation for NCLEX-RN success strategies to augment student self-confidence, enhancement of critical thinking skills, self-assessment of test-taking abilities, and development of a feasible study plan utilizing learned effective study techniques and the acknowledgment of barriers and identification of specific methods to overcome them. Method ASSESSMENT: Early assessment of the situation involved a review of the senior-year curriculum, including preparation for the NCLEX-RN examination. For many years, students had been required to take a paper and- pencil end-of-program examination; students reported experiencing unexpected challenges when confronted with the computerized format of the actual examination. PLANNING/ IMPLEMENTATION: Early in 2004, faculty began to investigate options for computerized exit examinations. During the process, consideration of both Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Hertzbergs Motivational Theory (Benson Dundis, 2003; Jones, 2007) meant that faculty sought an examination that would challenge students intellectually and offer useful feedback, yet could be administered in the nursing computer lab, an environment that provided assurance for students safety and security needs. Helping students manage their levels of anxiety was considered essential to helping them strive toward self-actualization passing the NCLEX-RN on the first attempt. COURSE MODIFICATION: The Nursing Leadership course was adapted to meet the changing needs of senior students. The course had always covered a range of topics, Including ethics, legal issues in nursing, conflict resolution, and change. The new goal was to strengthen the existing topics and include leadership and management theories, Evaluation of Outcomes: The proactive approach described in this article has already yielded measurable outcomes in the form of improved first-time pass rates on the licensure examination. 91% of graduates passed the exam on the first attempt between October 2005 and September 2006; 94 % passed between October 2006 and September 2007; 91 % passed between October 2007 and September 2008; and 94.9 % passed between October 2008 and September 2009. (March, Karen S; Ambrose, Janice M(Jul/Aug 2010 230-2) Conclusions In general all the articles describe different strategies and evaluation to improve learning skills and test passing scores. Research supports the incorporation of evidence-based educational strategies to promote success on the NCLEX-RN Nurse educators are presented with the complex challenge of adapting educational strategies to the needs of the health care industry while preparing graduates to be successful on the licensure exam. For nurse educators, this means that among the many challenges they face, they must begin to use evidence-based teaching strategies and incorporate evidence-based practices into classroom and clinical settings. The health care system must graduate nurses capable of safe practice within the scope of appropriate, evidence-based clinical decision making; this should be the number one reason of implementing teaching strategies in nursing programs to prepare their graduates to pass the NCLEX-RN. (Internet) References How Can I Fail the NCLEX-RN ® With a 3.5 GPA?: Approaches to Help This Unexpected High-Risk Group, Rollant, Paulette Desmaske Annual Review of Nursing Education5 (2007): 259-XIV. Learning Nursing Concepts through Television Programs Raines, Deborah A, PhD, RN,ANEF. Journal of Nursing Education49.3 (Mar 2010): 173-4. Rx for NCLEX-RN Success: Reflections on Development of an Effective Preparation Process for Senior Baccalaureate Students(March, Karen S; Ambrose, Janice M(Jul/Aug 2010 230-2) Strategies to promote success on the NCLEX-RN[R]: an evidence-based approach using The ACE Star Model of Knowledge Transformation Teaching around the cycle: strategies for teaching theory to undergraduate nursing students, Nancy A. Flanagan and Linda McCausland( Nov/Dec 2007):310-4. Teaching Critical Thinking in an introductory leadership course utilizing active learning strategies: A confirmatory Mark E Matkin, Gina S; Fritz, Susan M College Student Journal38.3 (Sep 2004): 482-493 .

The Chicano and The Black Power Movements Essay -- Chicano, Black Powe

The 1960’s comprised of many different movements that sought the same goal of achieving equality, equality in means of: political, economical, and social equality. Two similar movements emerged during this era that shared the same ideologies: the Chicano and the Black Power Movement. Both shared a similar ideology that outlined their movement, which was the call for self-determination. The similar experiences that they had undergone such as the maltreatment and the abuse of power that enacted was enacted by the dominant Anglo race helped to shape these ideologies. Despite their similar ideology, they differed in how they achieved this goal, by either obtaining political participation or going to the extreme as using force to achieve their goals and moving to literally governing their own selves. Although the Chicano and Black Power Movement sought for self-determination, they differed in the tactics they used to obtain this goal. The Chicano and Black Power movement’s call for self-determination emerged due to the broken promises made to them by the American Government. After the Mexican-American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe was supposed to provide Mexican Americans with protection of their land and certain rights such as education, citizenship and the freedom to practice religion. The government never owned up to these promises. Instead Mexican-Americans were forced to assimilate into the American culture, their land stripped away from them, and they were not recognized as citizens. Promises made to the African-American community by the American government were also left unrecognized. Prior to the era of civil rights movement African-Americans had already been struggling under the white power dating back to the years of ... ... Vol 27, No.4. Gulford Press, (1963): 415-432, http//www.jstor.org/stable/40400980 Grandjeat, Charles Yves. â€Å" Nationalism, History and Myth: The Masks of Aztlan,† Confluencia, Vol6, No. 1 (Fall 1990):19-32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27921957 McCutcheon, Priscilla. â€Å"Returning Home to Our Rightful Place: The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms,† Elsevier (2013): 61-70 doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001 Moraga, Cherrie. â€Å"Queer Aztlan: the Reformation of Chicano Tribe,† in The Color of Privilege 1996, ed Aida Hurtado. Ann Arbor: University Michigan Press, 1996. Munoz, Carlos. Youth Identity, Power: The Chicano Movement. London: Verso, 1989. Ogbar, Jeffrey. Black Power Radical Politics and African American Identity. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 2004, 124. Pinon, Fernando. Myths and Realities: Dynamics of Ethnic Politics. New York: Vantage Press, 1978.

Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients? Essay

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) is a federally funded block grant which provides needy families assistance in finding and obtaining work opportunities. The funds are given to states to distribute. States are allowed some flexibility in how they chose to distribute these funds. There has been a recent movement among states to implement drug testing for applicants and recipients to receive this assistance. Many people see this as a violation of their 4th amendment rights. The ideology behind drug testing is to weed out misuse of funds by recipients, thus alleviating budgetary concerns in hard economic times. Are there other means of easing budgetary issues without potentially violating the 4th amendment rights of the poor? A common stereotype of people receiving public assistance is they are people who are drug addicts, alcoholics, lazy, and don’t want to work. Stereotypes are generalizations made about a certain group of people, good or bad. Stereotypes have a ne gative affect when they keep us from seeing a person for who they really are negating the individual (Iowa State University Study Abroad Center). According to an opinion poll on Debate.org, seventy percent of people responded â€Å"yes† when answering the question, â€Å"Should someone receiving welfare be drug tested?† Respondents stated reasons such as â€Å"You can’t trust someone to use free money on things they need†, â€Å"Help should be given to those who really need it not to people who are too lazy to work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"I don’t believe it is fair †¦ hard-working people have to pay taxes, and the money goes to lazy people who spend our hard earned money on drugs† (Debate.com). These statements are indicative of stereotyping; stereotypes being pervasive within our society (Iowa State University Study Abroad Center). However, not all applicants or recipients needing public assistance fall within the stereotype. Luis Le bron is a 35-year-old Navy veteran, father of a 4-year-old, the sole caregiver for his disabled mother and a student at the University of Central Florida. He just needs some help after having served his country and while trying to finish school and take care of his son and disabled mother (Bloom). The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in Florida has filed a lawsuit on behalf of Lebron due to his refusal to submit to a drug test and relinquish his 4th Amendment rights. Lebron feels that, â€Å"It’s insulting and degrading that people think I’m using drugs just because I need a little help to take care of my family while I finish up my education.† The 4th Amendment of the United States Constitution states: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute). The concept of the 4th amendment is to protect two basic freedoms – the right to privacy and freedom from random search and seizure. (Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute). Twenty-eight states have proposed drug testing public assistance, according the National Conference of State Legislature. Utah has passed legislation requiring applicants to complete a written questionnaire screening for drug use. Georgia passed legislation requiring drug tests for all applicants. The Louisiana House endorsed random drug-testing of 20 percent of the state’s welfare recipients. Ohio is considering a pilot program to test welfare recipients. Florida’s drug testing law required applicants to pay for their tests and then would be reimbursed if the results proved negative (Prah). Federal or state laws that require suspicionless drug testing for eligibility to receive public assistance may be subject to constitutional challenge. Constitutional challenges are aimed towards privacy and unreasonable search. For searches to be reasonable, they generally must be based on suspicion, unless a â€Å"special need† can be shown that may allow for an exception. Public assistance programs do not necessarily create these special needs grounded in public safety that the Supreme Court has recognized in the past (Carpenter). There has only been litigation initiated in two states where the laws require suspicionless drug testing – Florida where the U.S. District Court issued an injunction to stop testing and Michigan where several individuals were granted a temporary injunction. A number of other applicants in Florida chose not to submit to drug testing. Because applicants are not required to explain why they chose not to submit to the tests, there is no statistical data as to the reasons why. Proponents for testing believe it is because applicants knew they would fail the test. However, opponents state that the reasoning could be because applicants may not have been able to afford the tests or because testing sites were not easily accessible (The Assoicated Press). It has been suggested that drug abuse is a major cause of welfare. However , there is only evidence, based on secondhand information, to support this. If drug use among welfare participants were reduced to the levels of non-participants, welfare participation would decline by approximately one percent (Kaestner). A report from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism states, â€Å"Proportions of welfare recipients using, abusing or dependent on alcohol or illicit drugs are consistent with proportions of both the adult U.S. population and adults who do not receive welfare† (National Institute of Health). The researchers found the rate of drug abuse and/or dependency among welfare recipients to fall between 1.3 and 3.6 percent, as opposed to a rate of 1.5 percent within the general population. Data from the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse roughly coincides with these findings, with the rate of drug dependency among welfare recipients being approximately 4 percent. Further, the data suggests that no more than one in five welfare r ecipients used illegal drugs in any given year; half of those having used only marijuana (Budd). The evidence from these three studies shows that although drug use is tied to homeless and welfare participation, proportionally to the general population there is not a significant difference. Finally, in the study by Kaestner, he suggests that for purposes of reducing welfare, public programs should focus their efforts on something besides drug use (Kaestner). There is the belief that testing welfare applicants and recipients will reduce the payment of benefits to people who are mishandling the funds. In a 2011 article from the Tampa Tribune, Whittenburg reports, with the average cost of test being approximately $30, the state would owe $28,000 – $43,000 in reimbursements for applicants who passed tests monthly. The state would save approximately $32,000 to $48,000 for rejected applicants, assuming 20 to 30 people failed the test monthly. Welfare recipients receive an average of $134 per month, so the state would save approximately $2600 to $3300 which the rejected applicants wouldn’t receive. Over a one year period, which is the disqualification period for one failed test, the state could save $32,000 to $48,000 annually on the applicants rejected in a single month. The net savings would be $3,400 to $8,200 annually on one month’s worth of rejected applicants. Over 12 months, the money saved on all rejected applicants would add up to $40,800-$98,400 for the cash assistance program that state analysts have predicted will cost $178 million this fiscal year (Whittenburg). In a 2012 article from the New York Times, Alvarez reports that during the period that the Florida state law was in effect that required drug tests for welfare applicants, there was no direct savings. It found only a few drug users and didn’t affect the number of applications. According to the law, applicants who passed the drug test were reimbursed, an average of $30 for the cost of testing. Negative testing thus cost the state a little more than $118,000. This alone is more than the cost of benefits to those who failed the test. Ultimately, this turns out to be a cost to the state of an extra $45,780 (Alvarez). In order to avert any further court proceedings initiated by plaintiffs who believe their 4th amendment rights have been violated and avert costly testing programs, it would be prudent for the Federal government to exact language that explicitly prohibits the use of suspicionless drug testing in order to receive money from federally funded programs. Rather, government officials should refocus their efforts in the fight against drugs to the recovery from substance abuse of the general public rather than targeting a specific group of people, namely welfare recipients. Citizens should petition their states representatives to vote against proposed laws that support drug testing. Further, those representatives should seek to supplement existing or fund new treatment programs with the dollars saved by eliminating drug testing programs for welfare applicants and recipi ents. Another step to solidify a stance against suspicionless testing would be an amendment to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) to include language that explicitly prohibits suspicionless testing. Given that the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism reports that substance abuse is no more prevalent in welfare applicants and recipients than the general population (National Institute of Health) then there is no basis for testing as a condition for receiving benefits. Alleviation of budgetary concerns is not guaranteed by the reduction of caseloads due to positive tests (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation). Where challenged, courts have determined that suspicionless testing is a violation of the 4th Amendment (Schaberg). North Carolina’s Governor, after vetoing a bill to implement drug testing, stated, â€Å"Drug testing †¦applicants †¦ could lead to inconsistent application †¦ That’s a recipe for government overreach and unnecessary government intrusion. This is not a smart way to combat drug abuse. Similar efforts in other states have proved to be expensive for taxpayers and did little to actually help fight drug addiction.† (Smith) Bibliography Alvarez, Lizette. â€Å"No Savings Are Found From Welfare Drug Tests.† The New York Times 18 April 2012: A14. Bloom, Rachel. â€Å"Poor People Have Rights Too.† 12 October 2011. American Civil Liberties Union. 3 August 2013 . Budd, Jordan C. â€Å"Pledge Your Body for Your Bread: Welfare, Drug Testing, and the Inferior Fourth Amendment.† 2011. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal . 7 August 2013 . Carley, Frances. Drug Testing Welfare Recipients: A Review of Potential Costs and Savings. Lansing, 2012. Carpenter, David H. â€Å"Constitutional Analysis of Suspicionless Drug Testing Requirements for the Receipt of Governmental Benefits.† Report. 2013. Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute. Fourth Amendment. n.d. 5 August 2013 . —. Fourth Amendment. n.d. 5 August 2013 . Debate.com. Should someone receiving welfare be drug tested? n.d. Iowa State University Study Abroad Center. Stereotypes. 7 June 2011. 21 Augusr 2013 . Kaestner, Rob ert. â€Å"Drug Use and AFDC Participation: Is There a Connection?† May 1996. the National Bureau of Economic Reearch. 6 August 2013 . National Coalition for the Homeless. â€Å"Substance Abuse and Homelessness.† July 2009. National Coalition for the Homeless. 6 August 2013 . National Institute of Health. â€Å"NIAAA Researchers Estimate Alcohol and Drug Use, Abuse, and Dependence Among Welfare Recipients.† 23 October 1996. National Institute on Alocohol Abuse and Alocoholism. 7 August 2013

How The Jim Crow Era Affected Africa American Culture

How The Jim Crow Era Affected Africa American Culture Free Online Research Papers Plan of Investigation The plan of investigation is to tell what extent the Jim Crow era affected African American lifestyle. In order to evaluate the significance, the investigation evaluates the severity of the laws. The impact of the era will be explained and so will the outcomes that came after the era ended. The investigation evaluates how African American lives were altered from the events that took place at the time. The Jim Crow era was said to be an era of a series of rigid anti-Black laws and a way of life. The plan is to access whether this extent is true or was it in some form an over exaggeration. Summary of the evidence The term Jim Crow is believed to have originated around 1830 when a white, minstrel show performer, Thomas Rice, blackened his face with charcoal paste and danced a ridiculous jig while singing the lyrics to the song, Jump Jim Crow. From 1889 to 1930, over 3,700 men and women were reported lynched in the United States and most were southern blacks. Hundreds of other lynching’s and acts of mob terror aimed at brutalizing blacks occurred throughout the era but went unreported in the press. The Jim Crow segregation laws gained significant encouragement from U. S. Supreme Court rulings in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. The Plessy case created a major obstacle to equal rights for blacks, which started a long series of Court decisions that undermined civil rights for African Americans beginning in the 1870s, most known were the Slaughterhouse Cases, United States v. Reese, United States v. Cruikshank, and the Civil Rights Cases of 1883. Violence and terrorism swept over the South in the 1860s and 1870s (the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camellia), as organized bands of white vigilantes terrorized black voters who supported Republican candidates as well as many African Americans who defied the color line inherited from the slave era. In Mississippi, the method of controlling black votes and regulating their economic and public lives by brutal violence was known as the First Mississippi Plan of 1875. Whites openly resorted to violence and fraud to control the black vote, shooting down black voters just like birds. This ruthless and bloody revolution devastated the black vote in Mississippi, and fully 66% of the blacks registered to vote in the state failed to cast ballots in the presidential election of 1880. The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 effectively eliminated the most organized forms of white terrorism in the 1870s, but did little to assist the formerly enslaved in gaining economic security. Most southern blacks had become penniless agricultural workers indebted to and controlled by white landlords and merchant suppliers. Southern blacks tried to avoid engaging whites as much as possible. These efforts at separating themselves from whites meant developing their own schools and community-based support groups as much as possible. By 1905, the issue of how to most effectively deal with Jim Crow came to a head in the debate between the followers of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Washington, who was born in slavery, believed that accepting segregation for the time being and working hard at farming and in community-based support groups would best enable southern blacks to avoid the violence and terror all around them. Thousands of blacks had left for Kansas and Oklahoma in the 1880s and the 1890s. The movement to Kansas became known as the Kansas Exodus, In the cities of the North, the NAACP and the National Urban League, both interracial groups, worked to integrate blacks into the economic mainstream of American life. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, legalized segregation and the disfranchisement of African Americans was finally ended. It had taken almost one hundred years of resistance to terror and discrimination to achieve what had been promised to African Americans at the end of the Civil War. Evaluation of sources Through the investigation my primary sources of â€Å"History of Jim Crow† and â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow† provided numerous amounts evidence to the plan of investigation. The â€Å"History of Jim Crow† by Ronald Davis has several purposes which tell the different stages of the era. How it started to how it ended. It provides the geographic locations of where the laws took place and the American literature that was expired from the time. The source played a significant role in answering the question. It gave more evidence that the era was less of an impact compared to the other primary source. It gave a general idea of how African American lives where affected. The source gave numerous amounts of what happened during the time, but not so much of how their lifestyles’ were changed. The purpose of â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow† produced by WNET was to give first person accounts and biographies of the era. It serves to tell more of how people had to alter their lives to live in the time. The source has more details to what African Americans changed during their day to fit in. It helped by explaining day to day activities that many people did along with how they spent their spare time. Both of the sources explained what happened during the time period, but â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow† gives more evidence that the extent of the affect was large. They explain some hardships of the era as well. Analysis Jim Crow was not just a set of anti-black segregation laws though but was a way of life. It was a racial hate system that ran mainly in southern states of America in between 1877 and the middle of the 1960s. Jim Crow laws affected every aspect of normality. For example, in Birmingham, Alabama it was made illegal for black people and white people to play checkers or dominoes together. Jim Crow signs were posted on water fountains, toilets, and entrances. There where separate schools, hospitals, prisons and cemeteries for black and white people. For example Homer A Plessy was seven eights white and one eighth black; however he was seen as a black person and was arrested, in Louisiana under Jim Crow Laws for sitting in a white only railroad coach. He was trailed and his lawyer augured that you cannot have the right to label one citizen as white and one as black for the purposes of restricting rights and privileges. The court upheld the law saying that racial segregation did not me an there was no equality. The case sent the message to Southern states that discrimination against blacks was acceptable. This investigation shows how African Americans had to act differently to live what they would call a normal life. It shows how much the era affected what blacks got to do and how they processed things. It tells of the hardships blacks had to endure. African Americans had to make decisions based on ways to not get attacked or ridiculed. The rise of the Ku Klux clan brought fear in African Americans eyes. The thought of being lunched made most blacks stay indoors or not travel to far from home due to the fear of dying. Court cases as U.S. vs. Reese caused for some African Americans to give up on the fight for rights because they couldn’t even win in the law system. The case took away the 15th amendment which gave African Americans the right to vote. The Jim Crow era changed African American lifestyle forever. From the evidence The Mississippi plan, black codes, etc. had a huge extent on their lifestyles. Many blacks were registered to vote, but didn’t. Many of them left their life in the south and moved north in hopes of having a more equally way of living. Living through the Jim Crow era gave African Americans strength and motivation to fight for more equal rights. The NAACP was partly created to help African Americans cope with Jim Crow and it gave them many opportunities for a better life. After the long journey through Jim Crow African Americans were able to triumph with laws being passed such as the civil rights act and the voting rights act to start being seen as equals. The evidence explains how African American lifestyle was changed dramatically over the era. From living in fear, to trying to cope with all the hardships, then finally to overcoming and fighting back. Conclusion Based on the investigation the Jim Crow era had a huge impact on African American lifestyle. The â€Å"History of Jim Crow† source explained the different stages of the era which was creating, surviving, and resisting Jim Crow. From the laws after the era African Americans were able to overcome the segregation and fight for equal rights. â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow explained the hardships and gave first accounts of the era. From the two primary sources African Americans had to withstand the long period of living in fear to overcoming it after many years. The era was a big extent. African Americans had to go through little changes such as not using white bathrooms to large changes such as moving north in search of a better life. The evidence explains how African American lifestyle was changed dramatically over the era; from living in fear, to trying to cope with all the hardships. The changes had to occur so African Americans could eventually have equal rights. Sources Primary New York Life. (2000, march 4). The History of Jim Crow. Retrieved march 20, 2009, from jimcrowhistory.org: jimcrowhistory.org/home.htm PBS. (2002, May 18). Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Retrieved march 20, 2009, from The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow: pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/index.html Secondary Anderson, James. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1880-1935. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Ayers, Edward L. The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992 Memorabilia, M. o. (2000, September 12). What was Jim Crow? Retrieved March 16, 2009, from Jim Crow: ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/what.htm Toll, Robert C. Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974 W.E.B. Du Bois, Frontline: The Two Nations of Black America www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/etc/road.html Research Papers on How The Jim Crow Era Affected Africa American Culture19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Fifth Horseman

the shackles of socialist realism essays

the shackles of socialist realism essays The civil strife and chaos that had torn Russia limb from limb in the early 20th Century, although brutally devastating, did not hail the end of the stability and power that had characterized the massive country for so much of history. The continuing strength of what was now the Soviet Union lay in the newly formed support structure provided by Socialist Realism, a force that directed the awareness of, and the arts produced by, the Soviet people. The ideals of Socialist Realism deified Lenin and Marx, attributed the Bolshevik ranks with heroism undaunted by overwhelming opposition, and directed the proletariat towards a better future through reconstruction and industrialization of the state. Socialist Realism was essentially a Party tool that, combined with the Bolshevik ideals of collectivization and unity, would transform the people into a formidable, indestructible mass force. Socialist Realism's central code of conduct was, in Stalin's words, to "above all portray life truthfully." Any form of art that depicted Bolshevik life was to do so in a realistic and accurate manner, "on its way to socialism"; "that will be socialist art, that will be Socialist Realism." (Lincoln 333) This was the paradigm that all Soviet art was to be modeled after; implemented in 1934, the formula of Socialist Realism would heavily influence artistic life in the Soviet Union until the 1960s. The rise of Socialist Realism was rapid and dramatic. It dampened Europe's excitement over Russia's post-schism, secular art by redirecting art inward towards the Soviet people and forcing form and function upon it rather than abiding by the ideal of "art for art's sake." Once again, the ancient religious ideals of Orthodox Russia were shunned, and the Party replaced God at the forefront of Soviet life. The Party mimicked Socialist Realism as a model for the people, who were expected to take the example of their heroic yet humble forefathers and arise fro...

Human Resource Management Strategy at Omantel Essay

Human Resource Management Strategy at Omantel - Essay Example Omantel is a prominent telecommunications company in Oman, charged with the role of uniting individuals, families and businesses. It has contributed in uniting the Omani community as well as enhancing global connection. According to the Omantel Annual report 2011 (23), as well as 70% of the respondents, the managerial roles of the Omantel Group are entrusted to the board of directors. This board is composed of eight members, six of whom represents the government function; inclusive of the Board Chairman. The remaining two members are elected by the private sector shareholders during the annual general meeting. This board approves the financial and business policy of the organisation to ensure that the objectives of the company are achieved and the shareholder value is maximised. The board is also charged with the responsibility of presiding over the internal activities of the company and specifying the responsibilities of the executive organisational arm. Other roles include evaluation of the company performance, nominating members of any subcommittees and specifying their roles, appointing the Chief Executive Officer and reviewing the interim annual financial statements. The board of directors prov ides the members of the various committees that completes the management function of the company; executive committee, human resource committee, audit committee and regulatory committee.... Omantel is a prominent telecommunications company in Oman, charged with the role of uniting individuals, families and businesses. It has contributed in uniting the Omani community as well as enhancing global connection. According to the Omantel Annual report 2011 (23), as well as 70% of the respondents, the managerial roles of the Omantel Group are entrusted to the board of directors. This board is composed of eight members, six of whom represents the government function; inclusive of the Board Chairman. The remaining two members are elected by the private sector shareholders during the annual general meeting. This board approves the financial and business policy of the organisation to ensure that the objectives of the company are achieved and the shareholder value is maximised. The board is also charged with the responsibility of presiding over the internal activities of the company and specifying the responsibilities of the executive organisational arm. Other roles include evaluation of the company performance, nominating members of any subcommittees and specifying their roles, appointing the Chief Executive Officer and reviewing the interim annual financial statements. The board of directors prov ides the members of the various committees that completes the management function of the company; executive committee, human resource committee, audit committee and regulatory committee.

TD 1 MGT - 491 Strategic Importance of Human Resource Management Essay

TD 1 MGT - 491 Strategic Importance of Human Resource Management - Essay Example employees are made an elemental part in the operations, which is done to cultivate a working environment that promotes productivity, which is the ultimate goal. In comparison to the findings, the elemental role of strategic approach in organizations as per the module is coming up with the most practical designs that help the companies to meet their employees’ needs and at the same time promote the achievement of their business goals. Ideally, most organizations operate by following outlined strategies and to achieve them strategic human resource concepts must be integrated and balanced effectively in order to avoid conflicts and achieve the projected results. In addition, it requires advanced thinking and planning as well as the development of human capital, which is the case in many organizations (Deb, 2006). As a case example, human capital development has been made a key component to employees’ motivation and retention in SpartanNash in Michigan. Apart from being facilitators in human resource functions, the employees are strategic contributors to the company’s great success. This has been achieved by increasing and developing the value of human capital in the employees and preventing downsizing, which in turn has enabled the company to accrue distinct competitive advantages over other companies (Belasco & Horowitz,